Gödel

The tao that can be described is not the eternal Tao. The name that can be spoken is not the eternal Name -Lao Tzu

Godel's incompleteness theorems are fundamental to understanding the limits of scientific and mathematical knowledge and the power of self-reference. It proves the Taoist saying by demonstrating that we can never fully determine what is true using the language of mathematics.

Gödel, Escher, Bach should be considered required reading for a full understanding of metaculture.

Here's a basic explanation of Gödel's incompleteness theorem if such a thing exists.

A free online course from MIT is available to help get the most out of this seminal work.

Technically this is based on another book by Hofstadter but it does a good job explaining a lot of the concepts of recursion and consciousness that are in GEB.